
Women impacted by modern slavery are a significant force for change. In our experience, many are exposing injustice, demanding better protections, and pushing for the inclusion of survivors’ voices in the charity sector and political life. Yet, many survivors face immigration restrictions[1] or criminalisation[2], which can bar them from work, including in the very sectors intending to support or represent them.
Women and girls can be victims of any or multiple types of exploitation, including sexual, criminal, labour exploitation or domestic servitude. Yet exploited women and girls, along with all survivors, are facing more barriers to support and protection. The Government now demands much more evidence from victims about their exploitation before they can access help. Meanwhile, survivors are denied support because of their offending history, despite a great number of women and girls being forced to commit crimes by their exploiters[3]. Sadly, the new Border Security, Immigration and Asylum Bill fails to undo this damage.[4]
There are practical, simple steps the government can take to improve things. For example, survivors of sexual exploitation are now less likely to be believed under guidance changes passed last year, which refuse victims based on there not being enough perpetrators or other victims involved in their case.This needless and unlawful evidence threshold subjects exploited women and girls to systemic disbelief when they need support. Reversing two sentences in this guidance could uphold the rights of thousands of women and girls.
Lastly, when talking about modern slavery through the lens of violence against women and girls (VAWG), language matters. Sex work and sexual exploitation mean very different things, yet political narratives are increasingly conflating these two terms.[5] Sex workers have not all experienced conditions tantamount to modern slavery, and not all survivors of sexual exploitation identify with the label of sex work. Claiming otherwise creates confusion around survivor identification and entitlements, and shows a lack of understanding for both groups. We need policies rooted in rights, equality, and empowerment, not misinformation.[6]
Read more + take action:
- Lift the ban campaign: An initiative led by Refugee Action, supported by more than 150 organisations, calling for the lifting of right to work restrictions for asylum seekers, including slavery and trafficking survivors.
- Big Issue: How we define ‘sexual exploitation’ is fuelling violence against women and girls
- Big Issue: Conflating sex work and sex trafficking is harmful and needs to stop, Labour told
- Joint fact sheet: Sexual Exploitation and sex work
[1] Kalayaan. (2025). Ready Willing and Able: The Cost of Not Allowing Survivors in the NRM to work. Retrieved from https://www.kalayaan.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Ready-Willing-Able-Report-5-Jan-2025.pdf
[2] Victims Commissioner (2021) Police watchdogs find modern slavery survivors are criminalised rather than recognised as victims. Retrieved from: https://victimscommissioner.org.uk/news/police-watchdogs-find-modern-slavery-survivors-are-criminalised-rather-than-recognised-as-victims/
[3] Modern Slavery and Human Rights PEC. (2024).Assessing the modern slavery impacts of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022:One year on. Retrieved from https://files.modernslaverypec.org/production/assets/downloads/NABA_Summary-final.pdf?dm=1736268042
[4] Focus on Labourt Exploitation. (2025). Border Security, Asylum and Immigration Bill: Still a Tool for Exploitation. Retrieved from https://labourexploitation.org/publications/border-security-asylum-and-immigration-bill-still-a-tool-for-exploitation/
[5] Home Affairs Committee (2023). House of Commons Home Affairs Committee: Human Trafficking First Report of session 2023-24. Retrieved from https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/42482/documents/211207/default/
The committee recommended “[ensuring] that the severity of sexual exploitation is recognised, the Home Office and law enforcement should refrain from using the term ‘sex work’”
[6] After Exploitation, Anti-Slavery International, Decrim Now, English Collective of Prostitutes, Freedom United, University College London (2024). Sexual exploitation + sex work fact sheet. Retrieved from https://afterexploitation.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/sexual-exploitation-and-sex-work-joint-fact-sheet-nov-2024-2.pdf









